They appear in fall and look like 1-inch (2.5 cm.) Alnus incana is a light-demanding, fast-growing tree that grows well on poorer soils. Speckled alder was the dominant shrub before and after the fire, with abundance at postfire year 10 exceeding its prefire cover and frequency. In a fire chronosequence study in black spruce-jack pine ecosystems of northern Ontario, speckled alder was most common on wet peatlands burned 1 to 3 years prior (Frequent fire likely favors speckled alder over conifers. Below receding glaciers above Glacier Bay, Alaska, thinleaf alder established as widely scattered individuals. A review reported that pond pine and bay (In general, fires are less frequent in riparian and wetland areas of the West than in drier areas [In riparian zones where thinleaf alder is known or likely to occur, fires tend to have longer return intervals, and burn at higher severity, than in upland sites ([Two studies suggest a trend of longer fire-return interval in riparian Douglas-fir than upland Douglas-fir forests. Fire-return intervals ranged from 4 to 167 years on riparian and 2 to 110 years on upland sites. Chrosciewicz [Early spring burning—after snowmelt but before soil thaw—may help control speckled alder and other woody invaders in wetlands. These individuals were centers of aggregation from which thinleaf alder thickets spread [Ungulate browsing can substantially reduce growth of thinleaf alder on heavily browsed sites. At postfire year 10, it had 8.9% cover and 67% frequency. Soil samples were collected a week after the fire (cut in blocks 27.4² inches (177 cm²) across and least 4 inches (10 cm) deep). Postfire response of vegetation on 2 streams, Third Water and Fourth Water creeks, was evaluated in postfire year 1. Speckled alder commonly occurs or codominates with willows (Regional descriptions of plant communities with speckled alder and site characteristics of speckled alder habitats follow.Speckled alder is occasional to invasive on open fens and bogs of the Great Lakes states. Time since fire ranged from 5 to 277 years [In sagebrush ecosystems of the West, mesic thinleaf and other alder shrublands may establish after fire, or they may be self-sustaining [Several publications provide help for estimating fuel loads in speckled alder habitats. The easiest way of recognizing an alder tree is by its distinctive little fruiting body, called a strobile. The site was on the Mackenzie Forest District in subboreal British Columbia. Alnus alnobetula is a common tree widespread across much of Europe, Asia, and North America. fruticosa. Summer fires best prepare a mineral soil seedbed necessary for natural red pine regeneration, and the generally drier fuels results in severer fires and better shrub control than spring prescribed fires [On plantations, interference of postfire speckled alder regeneration with conifer regeneration and growth may be minimal on moist lowland sites where fire has prepared a mineral seedbed for conifers. After a flood on the Connecticut River, for example, speckled alder seedlings were noted in a sugar maple swamp in an oxbow [Gray alder seedlings grow rapidly under favorable conditions ([Speckled alder may grow rapidly after canopy removal (review by [Colonizing gray alders may facilitate subsequent gray alder establishment and colony expansion. The authors surmised that speckled alder was probably present in low numbers in the prelogged forest and increased rapidly after logging [Speckled alder is generally unimportant in late-successional forests. Alaska is home to several species, but in all cases Alaska Trees are among the hardiest varieties in order to withstand the harsh environment. Historically in northwestern Montana, disturbances have included placer mining, ice jams, log transport [Thinleaf alder may facilitate establishment of later-successional riparian species, likely due in part to its ability to fix nitrogen. Thinleaf alder sprouted from soil blocks where fire had been "intense", averaging 23% cover after 2 years in the greenhouse. The genus Alder, Alnus, is in the Birch Family, Betulaceae. However, it does not require moist soil, and will also colonize screes and shallow stony slopes. In the Wasatch Mountains of Utah, thinleaf alder was common in the bottom of Cold Canyon [Thinleaf alder prefers mesic to moist plant communities. While conceding that another cut would increase speckled alder mortality, the authors found cutting too ineffective and costly to justify further cuttings. Speckled alder was a component of the woody vegetation, although Sandberg's birch (Managers of the Lac St-Francois National Wildlife Area in Quebec found that neither a single wildfire nor mechanical treatment (double-cutting shoots) controlled speckled alder invasion on an acidic, water sedge-hairy sedge fen in the short term, while stump applications of herbicide reduced speckled alder but also reduced nontarget plants. Across treatments, mean thinleaf alder cover ranged from 17% to 25% on plantations <7 years old [In a study of disturbed forests near the Peace River in northern Alberta, thinleaf alder was strongly positively associated (Thinleaf alder may occur in late postfire succession. The extant plant community is mixed hardwood-conifer. Thus, the author concluded that although speckled alder regenerates vegetatively, sexual regeneration was driving the genetic structure of these 4 populations [Thinleaf alder may establish from seed in crown-stored "cones" after disturbances such as fire ([Gray alder seed viability is generally low (review by [Soil disturbance and/or exposed mineral soil favor gray alder establishment ([Gray alder seedling establishment on new sandbars and on banks with receding floodwaters is common, although other substrates also provide favorable establishment sites.
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